Glossary

=**__Glossary__**=

__**Lesson 1** application software__-A program used for a particular application. __bit-__a single, basic unit of information, used in connection with computers and information theory __byte-__ 8 bits __hardware__-a physical component __central processing unit (CPU__)-a piece of hardware that reads and writes in binary) __object-oriented programming__-a programming paradigm that uses "objects" and their interactions to design apps and computer programs __main (primary) memory__-program addressable storage that is directly controlled by and generally contained in the CPU. __secondary memory (storage devices)-__storage on a disk or tape, supplemental to and slower than main storage. __input devices__-A device such a keyboard, used to enter information into a computer __output devices__-it is a device, like a speaker or monitor, that outputs information from the computer __programming software__-a program or app that software developes use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs and apps __system software__-what manages a computer resources __software development life cycle (SDLC)-__the life cycle used to develop software

__Java Virtual Machine (JVM__)-is a set of computer software programs and data structures that use a virtual machine model for the execution of other computer programs and script __Byte Code__-a code written in binary also known as machine language __source code-__program instructions that must be translated by a compiler __object code-__an organized collection of named objects, and typically these objects are sequences of computer instructions in a machine code format, which may be directly executed by a computer's CPU. __Graphical User Interface (GUI__)-is a type of user interface which allows people to interact with programs in more ways than typing such as computers; hand-held devices such as MP3 Players __terminal I/O Interface__-a window that opens and can execute operating system commands __Compilier__-a compiler converts a high level programing language into binary or machine language __Interpreter (computing)__-is a computer program which reads source code written in a high-level programming language, transforms the code to machine code, and executes the machine code. __language translators__- a computer program that translates one programming language instruction(s) into another programming language instruction(s) without the loss of original meaning. __syntax (programming language)-__the grammatical rules and structural patterns governing the ordered use of appropriate words and symbols for issuing commands, writing code, etc., in a particular software application or programming language __applet__-standalone application __machine language-__ The representation of a computer program that is read and interpreted by the computer hardware __high-level languages__- A programming language which provides some level of abstraction above assembly language __linker/loader__- is a program which does takes one or more files containing ObjectCode, aggregates them together, and does something useful with the resulting aggregation. __library managers__- a collection of precompiled routines that a program can use. __Intergrated Development Environment IDE-__a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development.
 * Lesson 2**

__**Lesson 3** syntax (programming language)-__the syntax of a programming language is the set of rules that define the combinations of symbols that are considered to be correctly structured programs in that language. __syntax errors__-an error of language resulting from code that does not conform to the syntax of the programming language __software bug__- A software bug is the common term used to describe an error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program or system that produces an incorrect or unexpected result, or causes it to behave in unintended ways. __compile-time errors__-is one detected by the compiler before the program is started and can be attributed to a specific source statement __run-time errors__- An error that occurs during the execution of a program __logic errors__- a logic error (sometimes called a semantic error) is a bug in a program that causes it to operate incorrectly, but not to terminate abnormally __debug__- The process of testing a program in order to find mistakes and eliminating them, before the program is made available to users. __object-__ a discrete item that provides a description of virtually anything known to a computer __variable-__ a variable is a facility for storing data. The current value of the variable is the data actually stored in the variable __data types__-A data type (or datatype) in programming languages is a set of values and the operations on those values. __statement__-a line of code written as part of a computer program __assignment statement__-the assignment statement sets or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name __string__-a sequence of symbols that are chosen from a set or alphabet __literal__-a literal is a notation for representing a fixed value in source code. __constant__-a constant is a special kind of variable whose value cannot normally be altered during program execution __comment handling__- is information designers can add to the code for reference

__**Lesson 4** control statements__-A statement that alters the normal order of execution by transferring control to another part of a program unit or a subprogram __counter__-a register whose contents go through a regular series of states (usually states indicating consecutive integers) __count-controlled loop__-refers to the order in which the individual statements, instructions, or function calls of an imperative or a declarative program are executed or evaluated __flowchart-__a diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer program or an accounting system __infinite loop__-a sequence of instructions in a computer program which loops endlessly, either due to the loop having no terminating condition, having one that can never be met, or one that causes the loop to start over __task-controlled loop-__A task-controlled loop will execute until some condition is satisfied or some task has been completed.

__**Lesson 5** accessor__-a method that is usually small, simple and provides the means for the state of an object to be accessed from other parts of a program __actual parameter__-the value actually passed to a function or procedure in a programming language __behavior__-manner of behaving or acting. __constructor-__to instantiate an object __encapsulation__-the technique of keeping together data structures and the methods (procedures) which act on them __formal parameter-__ temporary data __helper method__-a method that helps another method to perform it's task. __identity-__the unique name of a person, device, or the combination of both that is recognized by a system. __instantiation-__ producing a particular object from its class template. __mutator__- a method used to control changes to a variable. __scope__- is the region of a program source within which it represents a certain thing __state__-its configuration, attributes, condition, or information content __visibility modifier-__Access to class instance variables and class methods are controlled through access modifiers.

__**Lesson 6** arithmetic overflow-__the condition that occurs when a calculation produces a result that is greater in magnitude than that which a given register or storage location can store or represent. __boundary condition__- a set of additional restraints that limits the possible solutions to a differential equation. __logical operator-__any of the Boolean symbols or functions, as AND, OR, and NOT, denoting a Boolean operation; Boolean operator. __nested if statement-__ an if statement within an if statement __nested loop-__ is a loop within a loop __robust code__- a well designed code that never segfaults __truth table__- a table that gives the truth-values of a compound sentence formed from component sentences by means of logical connectives, as AND, NOT, or OR, for every possible combination of truth-values of the component sentences.

__**Lesson 7** GUI__- Graphical User Interface, an interface based on graphics rather than text. __Message Box__- A special window in interfaces used to display information to the user. __Label Object__- Specifies a //label// for another element on the page. __Double Field Object__- A field whose value is the primitive type of double. __Button Object__- Specifies a container for rich HTML that is rendered as a button. __Element__- A value that is stored in an array. __Subscript/index__- The relative position of the components of an array. __Out of Bounds Exception-__ An error resulting from referencing an array using a subscript/index that does not exist. __Initializer List__- Initialising an array with a lists of elements when it is declared.
 * __Lesson 8__**
 * __Array__ - A data structure whose elements are accessed by means of index positions.

__Lesson 9__** __Data Buffer__- A block of memory into which data is placed for transmission to a program, usually with file or string processing. __Exception-Driven Loop__ - A loop used that handles program exceptions without forcing the program to stop. Example in Java: the try/catch loop. __Flushing__- Clears an output buffer before closing an output file stream. __Input Stream__- A data object that allows a program to input data from a file or the keyboard __Output Stream__- A data object that allows a program to output data from a file or the terminal screen. __Random Access__- When data can be accessed anywhere on a storage device without reading all the data sequentially __Sequential Access__- A situation in which access to a data item depends on its position in the data structure. For example: the fields on our records in the ReadWriteFile program. __Text File__- A file that contains characters and are readable and writeable by text editors.